The Journal Of Experimental Biology

The Journal Of Experimental Biology – Determining the importance of a journal by measuring how often the average journal article is cited in a given year.

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The Journal Of Experimental Biology

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The Journal of Experimental Biology (JEB) is the leading journal of comparative animal physiology. We publish articles on the form and function of living organisms at all levels of biological organization, from the molecular and subcellular to the fully integrated animal. Our authors and readers reflect a broad group of scientists studying molecular, cellular, and organismal physiology in an evolutionary and environmental context. Papers on model organisms will also be considered, but should test hypotheses with general physiological implications. Read less

The Journal of Experimental Biology (JEB) is the leading journal of comparative animal physiology. We publish articles on the form and function of living organisms at all levels of biological organization, from the molecular and subcellular to the fully integrated animal. Our author…… Read more

Blonder, G. E., Tinkham, M. and Klapwijk, T. M. (1982), “Transition from metal regimes to tunnel regimes in superconstrictions: overflow current, charge imbalance and supercurrent conversion”, Phys. Rev. B 25(7), 4515–4532.

Abstract: Coping with urea perturbations (e.g., in elasmobranchs and mammalian kidneys), inorganic ions, and hydrostatic pressure in deep-sea animals Trehalose and proline stabilize membranes in insect winter at subzero temperatures Trehalose in insects and yeasts and anionic polyols in microorganisms, around hydrothermal c. … urea perturbations (e.g. in elasmobranchs and mammalian kidneys), inorganic ions and hydrostatic pressure in deep-sea animals Trehalose and proline in hibernating insects stabilize membranes at subzero temperatures Trehalose in insects and yeasts and anionic polyols in microorganisms around hydrothermal vents. It can protect proteins from denaturation at high temperatures. one is harmful in the absence of perturbation Some of these solutes have applications in biotechnology, agriculture, and medicine, including the in vitro rescue of misfolded cystic fibrosis proteins. However, care must be taken if high levels cause excessive stabilization of proteins read more read less.

Experimental Biology And Medicine: Sage Journals

Subjects: Hydrostatic pressure (55%) 55% related to paper, Osmolyte (53%) 53% related to paper, Trehalose (52%) 52% related to paper

Abstract: ABSTRACT Physiological studies can help predict the effects of climate change by determining which species are currently closest to the upper limits of heat tolerance, which physiological systems set these limits, and how species differ in their acclimation abilities to alter their thermal tolerance. Reductionist analysis… ABSTRACT Physiological studies can help predict the effects of climate change by determining which species are currently closest to thermal tolerance limits, which physiological systems set these limits, and how species differ in their ability to acclimate to changing thermals. tolerances Reductionist studies at the molecular level can contribute to this analysis by revealing how much sequence change is required to adapt proteins to warmer temperatures – thereby revealing potential rates of adaptive evolution – and by determining the content of the genome – the protein-coding genes -. and gene regulatory mechanisms: they affect the ability to adapt to acute and long-term increases in temperature. Studies of intertidal invertebrates in thermally stressed rocky habitats have shown that heat-adapted congeners are at greater risk of local extinction because of their acute upper thermal limit (LT 50 values) near current thermal maxima and their ability to increase heat tolerance through acclimation. limited Collapses of cardiac function may occur under acute and long-term thermal limitations. Local extinctions due to heat death may be offset by the migration of genetically similar heat-adapted species from mid-latitude “hotspots” where summer midday low tides select for heat tolerance. A single amino acid substitution is sufficient to adapt a protein to a new thermal range. Further challenges to proper evolution are lesions in the genomes of stenotherms, such as Antarctic marine ectotherms, which have lost protein-coding genes and gene regulatory mechanisms necessary to cope with rising temperatures. These extreme stenotherms, together with the temperate euritherms living near their thermal limit, could be the main “losers” of climate change. read more read less

Summary: 1. Assuming that steady-state aerodynamics is applied, derive simple analytical expressions for the average lift coefficient, Reynolds number, aerodynamic power, wing mass moment of inertia, and dynamic efficiency of horizontally flapping wings in animals performing normal gait. 2. Main… 1. Assuming that steady state aerodynamics is applied, derive simple analytical expressions for mean lift coefficient, Reynolds number, aerodynamic power, wing mass moment of inertia and dynamic efficiency l in animals in normal gait. with wings that run horizontally. 2. Most of the animals used, including large lamellicorn beetles and sphinx moths, depend primarily on the normal action of the air plane. However, in some groups with wing loading below 10 N m -2 (1 kgf m -2 ), unsteady aerodynamics must play an important role, especially in very small insects with low Reynolds number, true flies (Syrphinae). large dragonflies (Odonata) and many butterflies (Lepidoptera Rhopalocera). 3. Specific aerodynamic power varies between 1.3 and 4.7 WN -1 (11-40 cal h -1 gf -1 ) but power output does not vary systematically with size, partly because lift/drag decays at low Reynolds . the number 4. A comparison of metabolic rate, aerodynamic power, and dynamic efficiency shows that most insects require and depend on an efficient thoracic elastic system to resist wing inertia-induced bending moments. 5. The free flight of a very small chalcid wasp, Encarsia formosa, was studied using slow-motion images. At this low Reynolds number (10-20), a high lift coefficient of 2 or 3 is not possible with steady-state aerodynamics, and the wasp must depend on almost completely unsteady flow patterns. 6. The wings of the encarsia move almost horizontally when walking, the body is vertical, and there are three unusual phases in the wing beat: clap, flip and flip. Between claps, the wings join at the top of the morphological climb. In flight, which is pronation at the beginning of the morphological descent, the opposite wings are open like a book, turning at the rear edges. During the flip, which is supination at the beginning of the morphological upswing, the wings rapidly rotate about 180°. 7. Thrust is a hitherto undescribed mechanism for generating lift and establishing proper circulation over the wing, preventing downdrafts. In the Encarsia case, the calculated and observed wing speeds match where lift is equal to body weight, and lift occurs almost immediately from the start of descent and without any Wagner effect. The throwing mechanism appears to be involved in the normal flight of butterflies and possibly Drosophila and other small insects. Dimensions and other considerations show that it may be a useful mechanism in birds and bats for climbing and emergencies. 8. The flip is also believed to be a means of establishing proper circulation around the wing, which has remained unnoticed until now; but its operation is not so well understood. It is not limited to the Encarsia, but acts in other insects, not only at the beginning of the upstroke (supination), but also at the beginning of the downstroke, where a rollover (pronation) replaces the clap and toss of the Encarsia. A study of free-flying floatuli clearly indicates that the Syrphinae (and Odonata) depend almost entirely on the flipping mechanism during passage. In these insects, transient circulation is assumed to be established before the wings translate through the air, due to the rapid pronation (or supination) of the stiff leading edge ahead of the soft trailing parts of the wing. The vortices in the opposite direction must be released in the overturning mechanism and the Wagner effect must be present. 9. In some of the insects used wing conversion occurs so rapidly that the speed of propagation of the elastic torsional wave from foot to tip plays a large role and appears to introduce beneficial effects. 10. Unsteady periods, especially reversal effects, are present in all shaken animals and will change and overlap in the steady-state pattern as described by the mathematical model presented here. However, accumulating evidence indicates that most walking animals fit this pattern quite well. 11. Many new types of analysis are indicated in the text and are currently open to future theoretical and experimental research. read more read less

Themes: Insect Flight (60%) 60% Card Related , Wing Charge (59%) 59% Card Related , Wing (58%)58% Card Related , Insect Wing (53%)53% Card Related , Lift (Strength ) ) (52%) 52% corresponds to paper

The Journal Of Experimental Zoology; V. 36

Summary: The flight of